![]() ![]() Descriptive norms questions were rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (never reported, mentioned, or addressed) to 5 (always). 71, respectively).įour additional questions were used to examine self and other injunctive and descriptive norms for reporting negative acts over the past 6-months. 11 Total scale reliability estimates for this sample were high (α=.95) as were subscale reliability estimates (α=.94. It has been previously used with samples of health care workers. This measure has been established as an adequate and reliable tool and measures personal bullying, work-related bullying, and experience of physical intimidation. ![]() Respondents determine whether they have been exposed to a negative act that is listed from 0 (never) to 4 (daily). We used the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) 11 to assess residents’ experiences of bullying and negative acts by others within their work environment. The aims of our study were to examine (a) gender differences in experiences of bullying and/or negative acts while working as a medical resident, (b) resident perceptions of injunctive (ie, approval of) and descriptive (ie, behavior) norms related to reporting bullying behaviors, and (c) determine whether greater self-other differences predict greater engagement in reporting bullying behavior by others in the workplace. Social norms interventions aiming to modify one’s perceived norms of the reference group have also resulted in shifts in behavior across a variety of domains. Self-other discrepancies (how inaccurate one’s own normative estimate is compared to the reference group) have been shown to predict others’ tendencies to engage in a particular behavior over time. 5 – 8 Social norms have been delineated into descriptive norms (ie, how often one is engaging in a particular behavior) and injunctive norms (ie, how acceptable a behavior is perceived to be). The theory of reasoned action, and later, the theory of planned behavior, have highlighted the role of social norms as a determinant of engagement in behaviors. 1, 3, 4 Reporting behavior and shifting the perception of retaliatory threat might be one way to shift the abusive dynamic known in graduate medical education.ĭecades of social norms research has identified the tendency of individuals to conform to peer norms and use others as a guidepost for their own behaviors. 1, 2 Negative acts adversely impact junior physicians and increase risk of job dissatisfaction, burnout, strain on mental health, and accidents at work. Bullying behavior in residency is common, with prevalence rates ranging from 10% to 48%. ![]()
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